Case Study Rails of the Future: A Comparative Analysis of Railway Production and Design in India and Japan Abstract Railway systems play a critical role in national economic development, urban mobility, and sustainable transportation. In Asia, India and Japan represent two distinct yet influential models of railway modernization. While Indian Railways is rapidly upgrading through indigenous semi-high-speed trains such as Vande Bharat under the “Make in India” initiative, Japanese Railways continue to lead globally with the Shinkansen system, emphasizing safety, punctuality, and technological precision. This comparative case study analyzes emerging trends in railway production and design in both countries, focusing on Industry 4.0 adoption, sustainability, safety engineering, and system integration. Using a qualitative comparative framework, the study highlights strengths, limitations, and strategic complementarities between the two models. The findings suggest that India’s ...
The Russia–Ukraine War and Its Impact on Global Trade in Minerals and Petroleum (2022–2027): A Hybrid Research–Case Analysis
Case Study & Research Paper The Russia–Ukraine War and Its Impact on Global Trade in Minerals and Petroleum (2022–2027): A Hybrid Research–Case Analysis Abstract The Russia–Ukraine war triggered an unprecedented geopolitical shock that reconfigured global trade in critical minerals and petroleum between 2022 and 2027. This study examines how sanctions, military disruptions, blocked supply corridors, and refinery losses have reshaped global resource flows, created systemic vulnerabilities, and accelerated a structural shift in market power toward Asia. Through a mixed research–case methodology, the paper integrates empirical trade data, sanctions chronology, scenario modelling (2026–2027), and institutional responses from the EU, G7, India, and China. Findings show that sanctions-driven export instability, control of Ukrainian mineral reserves, and redirected Russian oil flows significantly disrupted global markets. Petroleum and mineral supply chains experien...