Employment Growth, Labour Market Reforms and Skill Ecosystem Transformation: A Comparative Study of India, Japan, the United States and France Abstract India has recorded significant employment growth supported by structural reforms, tax rationalisation, labour market restructuring, and a renewed focus on skill development. This paper comparatively examines employment generation, labour formalisation, and skilling frameworks in India, Japan, the United States, and France. Using panel macroeconomic data (2010–2025), labour force participation rates (LFPR), employment elasticity, and human capital indicators, the study tests hypotheses relating labour market flexibility, institutional convergence, and digital employment platforms to employment outcomes. Results indicate that India’s reform-led em...
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